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Research in the area of plant–pathogen interactions has led to a model which describes two primary nodes of the immune system ( Chisholm et al. In both cases, the immune system plays a key role in how plants respond to the environment. At the same time, the immune system must also be regulated such that beneficial interactions are not negatively impacted ( Tóth and Stacey 2015), as well as to permit plant growth and development ( Huot et al. The primary function of the plant immune system is to restrict pathogen invasion and multiplication, thereby inhibiting disease and death. Herein, we discuss the role of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton as a platform for the function of the plant immune system. In short, the cytoskeleton is the battlefield from which pathogens and plants volley virulence and resistance, transforming resistance to susceptibility.
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As one of the major regulators of these immune signaling cascades, the plant cytoskeleton is the stage from which immune-associated processes are mobilized and oriented and, in this role, it controls the movement of the organelles, proteins, and chemical signals that support plant defense signaling. Toward defining how immune signaling is regulated, recent studies have focused on dissecting the mechanisms that underpin receptor-ligand interactions, phospho-regulation of signaling cascades, and the modulation of host gene expression during infection. Over the past decade, the field of plant pathology has witnessed the discovery of numerous points of convergence between immunity, growth, and development, as well as overlap with seemingly disparate processes such as those that underpin plant response to changes in the environment. In total, it is the sum of these interactions-the connectivity to a seemingly endless array of environments-that ensures proper activation, and control, of a system that is responsible for cell surveillance and response to threats presented by invading pests and pathogens. The plant immune system comprises a complex network of signaling processes, regulated not only by classically defined immune components (e.g., resistance genes) but also by a suite of developmental, environmental, abiotic, and biotic-associated factors.